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Perkins, Frances, 1880-1965
Variant namesFrances Perkins (born Fannie Coralie Perkins; April 10, 1880 – May 14, 1965) was an American sociologist and workers-rights advocate who served as the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, the longest serving in that position, and the first woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend, Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. She and Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes were the only original members of the Roosevelt cabinet to remain in office for his entire presidency.
Perkins graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1902 and for some years taught school and served as a social worker. She worked briefly with Jane Addams at Hull House in Chicago and then resumed her studies, first at the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce of the University of Pennsylvania and then at Columbia University, where she took an M.A. in social economics in 1910. From that year until 1912 she was executive secretary of the Consumers’ League of New York. In that position she lobbied successfully for improved wages and working conditions, especially for women and children. From 1912 to 1917 she was executive secretary of the New York Committee on Safety and from 1917 to 1919 executive director of the New York Council of Organization for War Service. She was appointed in 1919 to New York’s State Industrial Commission by Governor Alfred E. Smith, and in 1923 she was named to the State Industrial Board, of which she became chairman in 1926. Smith’s successor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, appointed Perkins state industrial commissioner in 1929. She was, both before and after the onset of the Great Depression of the 1930s, a strong advocate of unemployment insurance and close government supervision of fiscal policy.
When Roosevelt entered the presidency in 1933 he named Perkins secretary of labor, making her the first woman to serve in a cabinet position. After the initial controversy of her appointment died away she settled into a 12-year term of effective administration of her department. She pushed for a minimum wage and maximum workweek, a limit on employment of children under 16, creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps, and unemployment compensation—all of which were enacted. She helped draft the Social Security Act and supervised the Fair Labor Standards Act (1938). When the focus of labour activity shifted in the late 1930s from government to unions, Perkins played a less visible role. Her most important work was then the building up of the Department of Labor, particularly the strengthening of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Two months after Roosevelt’s death, Perkins resigned from the Cabinet, but she remained in government as a U.S. civil service commissioner until 1953. From then until her death, she lectured on the problems of labour and industry. In 1934 she published People at Work, and The Roosevelt I Knew, a record of her association with the late president, appeared in 1946.
Archival Resources
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|---|---|---|---|
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| creatorOf | Frances Perkins Collection MS 0766., ca. 1933-, 1976- | Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections | |
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| referencedIn | Papers of Mary E. (Mary Elisabeth) Dreier, 1797-1968 (inclusive), 1897-1968 (bulk) | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Tamiment Library. Tamiment Library manuscript files collection relating to individuals and organizations associated with radicalism, the labor movement, and progressive social action in the United States, 1950-2001 (bulk 1910-1965). | Churchill County Museum | |
| referencedIn | Papers of Frieda S. Miller, 1909-1973 (inclusive), 1929-1967 (bulk) | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | National Women’s Trade Union League of America Records, 1903-1950 | Library of Congress. Manuscript Division | |
| referencedIn | Florence Polk Holding Papers MS 0790., 1896-1975 | Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections | |
| referencedIn | Laidlaw, H. B. (Harriet Burton), b. 1874. Papers: Series I-IV, 1851-1958 (inclusive). | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Burlingham, Charles Culp, 1858-1959. Papers, 1876-1960 | Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138 | |
| referencedIn | John Adams Kingsbury papers, 1841-1966, (bulk 1906-1939) | Library of Congress. Manuscript Division | |
| referencedIn | Albums of Molly Dewson, 1861-1962 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Papers of Elizabeth Glendower Evans, 1859-1944 (inclusive), 1882-1944 (bulk) | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Whitehouse, Vira Boarman, 1875-1957. Papers, 1889-1957 (inclusive). | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Papers, 1910-1972 (inclusive), 1959-1972 (bulk) | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Hart, Henry Melvin, 1904-1969. Papers, 1927-1969 | Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138 | |
| referencedIn | Garman, Phillips L. Phillips L. Garman papers, 1907-1946, (bulk 1930-1946). | Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs | |
| creatorOf | Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945. AMs, 1935 January 22. | Copley Press, J S Copley Library | |
| referencedIn | Flagg, Mildred Buchanan, 1886-1980. Papers, 1876-1955 (inclusive), 1900-1955 (bulk). | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Stimson, Henry L. (Henry Lewis), 1867-1950. Henry Lewis Stimson papers, 1846-1966. | Yale University Library | |
| referencedIn | Hudson, Manley Ottmer, 1886-1960. Papers, 1894-1960 | Harvard Law School Library Langdell Hall Cambridge, MA 02138 | |
| referencedIn | Chalmers, William Ellison, 1903-. W. Ellison Chalmers papers, 1925-1938. | Wayne State University. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs | |
| referencedIn | Ruth Backes Papers MS 0769., 1864-1865, 1882, circa 1900-2001, 1934-2001 | Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections | |
| creatorOf | Perkins, Frances, 1882-1965. Correspondence with Theodore Dreiser, 1914. | University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library | |
| referencedIn | Bingham, Millicent Todd, 1880-1968. Millicent Todd Bingham papers, 1865-1968 (inclusive). | Yale University Library | |
| referencedIn | Ernest Gallaudet Draper Papers, circa 1919-1955, (bulk 1928-1953) | Library of Congress. Manuscript Division | |
| creatorOf | Organization records, 1892-1942. | Minnesota Historical Society Library | |
| referencedIn | National Women's Trade Union League of America Records on Microfilm, 1903-1950 | Cornell University Library | |
| referencedIn | Harvard-Radcliffe Program in Business Administration. Records of the Harvard-Radcliffe Program in Business Administration, 1936-1977 (inclusive), 1936-1963 (bulk). | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Harold Phelps Stokes papers, 1908-1969 | Yale University. Department of Manuscripts and Archives | |
| referencedIn | Sherwin, Belle, 1868-1955. Papers, 1880-1955 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Papers of Frieda S. Miller, 1909-1973 (inclusive), 1929-1967 (bulk) | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, 1862-1945. Papers, 1877-1983 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Rose Schneiderman Papers, Bulk, 1909-1920, 1909-1964 | Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives | |
| referencedIn | Albums, ca., 1861-1962 | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| referencedIn | Tamiment Library Manuscript Files, 1749-1988 (bulk: 1910-1965) | Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives | |
| referencedIn | Emma Goldman papers, 1903-1940, 1919-1940 | New York Public Library. Manuscripts and Archives Division | |
| referencedIn | Papers, 1839-2004 (inclusive), 1895-1988 (bulk) | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| creatorOf | Perkins, Frances, 1880-1965. Papers, 1937-1961 (inclusive). | Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America | |
| creatorOf | Perkins, Frances, 1882-1965. Correspondence with Carl Zigrosser, 1935. | University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Van Pelt Library | |
| referencedIn | Abbott, Edith, 1876-1957. Edith and Grace Abbott papers, 1870-1967 (inclusive). | University of Chicago Library | |
| referencedIn | President's Secretary's Files (Truman Administration). 1945 - 1960. Diaries Files. 1947 - 1953. 1947. 1947 - 1953. Diary Entry of Harry S. Truman | Harry S. Truman Library | |
| referencedIn | American Association for Labor Legislation. American Association for Labor Legislation. Series 1, Subseries 3. Correspondence, 1915-1920. | Cornell University Library | |
| creatorOf | Perkins family. Certificates, 1842-1923. | Western Reserve Historical Society, Research Library | |
| referencedIn | Fitch, John A. (John Andrews), 1881-1959. Papers, 1897-1974. | Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project | |
| referencedIn | Matthew J. Connelly White House Files (Truman Administration), 1945 - 1952. Presidential Appointments Files, 4/1945 - 12/1952 | Harry S. Truman Library | |
| contributorOf | Henry Morgenthau, Jr. Papers. 1866 - 1960. Postwar Correspondence, 1945 - 1960 | Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum | |
| contributorOf | Harry L. Hopkins Papers. 1928 - 1946. General Correspondence, 1933 - 1940 | Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum | |
| contributorOf | Correspondence Regarding Proposals for the Economic Security Program, 1934 - 1935 | National Archives at College Park | |
| referencedIn | Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, 1789 - 2015. Records Relating to Impeachments, 1816 - 1974 | National Archives Library, National Archives Records Administration | |
| referencedIn | Records of the U.S. Senate, 1789 - 2015. Anson McCook Collection of Presidential Signatures, 1789 - 1975 | National Archives Library, National Archives Records Administration | |
| referencedIn | Official Files (Truman Administration). 1945 - 1953. Official Files, 1945 - 1953 | Harry S. Truman Library | |
| creatorOf | General Records of the Department of Labor, 1907 - 2001. Subject Files of Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, 1933 - 1944 | National Archives at College Park |
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